User-defined types:

1. class
2. typedef
3. enum (enumeration)

Enumerations: This page focuses on the enumeration. When you create an enumerated type, you are making up a new type that has a small set of specific values, which are listed in the declaration. The compiler will implement these as a set of constants. To create an enumeration, use the keyword enum, and the following syntax:

  enum Names {RALPH, JOE, FRED}; 

Now, if you declare a variable of type Names, the symbols RALPH, JOE, and FRED are the actual values that can be used with these variables.  Note, these words are NOT character strings.  They are stored by the computer as constant values.  Enumerations are essentially used for making code easier to read, and the values of certain variables easier to remember.  Examples of uses of this enum declared above:

  Names who;    // who is a variable of type Names 

  who = FRED;        // assign the value FRED to the variable who 
  if (who == JOE) 
      cout << "Halleluia!"; 
  who = JOE; 
  switch(who) 
  {   case JOE:    cout << "Joe"; break; 
      case FRED:   cout << "Fred"; break; 
      case RALPH:  cout << "Ralph"; break; 
  } 

Another enumeration example:

  enum Days {SUN, MON, TUE, WED, THUR, FRI, SAT}; 

  Days today, tomorrow, yesterday; 

  today = MON; 
  if (today == SUN) 
      yesterday = SAT; 
  if (tomorrow == FRI) 
      cout << "Today is Thursday!"); 

Important advantages of enumerations

• Readability.
  - A statement like { direction = NORTH; } is more intuitive to the reader than { direction = 1; } (in which the reader must memorize what the number 1 stands for.
• Error Checking (often not needed)
  - In the Days enumeration above, there are only 7 possible values that a variable of type Days could take. Suppose such a variable is passed into a function. The function would not need to worry about whether this parameter had a valid day stored. There are only 7 possibilities, and all are valid.
  For contrast, think about a situation in which we pass in an integer, where 1 means Sunday, 2 means Monday, etc. What would happen if 10 were passed in? The function would have to error check to handle this.