dmidecode — lots of information about the linux system, including memory layout

skdump /dev/sda — lots of information about a disk drive

devkit-disks --show-info /dev/sda — lots of information about a disk drive

sensors — sensor information

sensors-detect — detect sensors

smartctl -a /dev/sda — show all smart control information about a disk

smartctl -l error /dev/sda — prints only the error log

smartctl -t long /dev/sda — set up testing of a device

cpuid — older program to check a cpu's implementation of the CPUID instruction